自然学科：GCSE英语语言考试-语言和结构

Language语言

Example of a simile from The Hunger Games, Suzanne Collins

《饥饿游戏》中的比喻，苏珊娜·柯林斯的作品

When talking about language in prose fiction, there are a number of things you could look for:

在谈论散文小说的语言时，可以通过一些内容找到。

• literary techniques, for example similes and metaphors

• 比喻和隐喻等文学技能

• other language techniques, for example emotive language, hyperbole or terms of address

• 其他语言技能，如情感语言、夸张或称呼等

• connotations of particular word choices

• 特定词汇选择的内涵

• language choices within dialogue, for instance if dialect is used to reveal more about a character

• 例如，对话中的语言选择，是否使用方言来揭示角色的更多信息

• types of words used in the text, for example adjectives , nouns, verbs, adverbs

• 形容词、名词、动词、副词等文本中使用的词类。

Many words can be understood in different ways:

许多单词可以用不同的方式理解

• denotations – their dictionary meaning

• 定义-字典上的意思

• connotations – the ideas they link to

• 内涵-他们联系的思想

For example, the word 'desk' literally denotes a table, but it has connotations of work and study.

例如，"书桌 &#34；字面意思是一张桌子，但它有工作和学习的内涵。

Words can reveal a theme, such as death, or love, or create a particular mood in a section of the narrative.

单词可以揭示一个主题，比如死亡，或者爱情，或者在叙事的某个部分创造一种特殊的情感。

Patterns in Language语言模式

It’s useful to look for any patterns in the language chosen by the writer, as these patterns may suggest important themes or deeper meanings beyond the obvious. For example:

在作者选择的语言中寻找一些模式是非常有用的，因为这些模式可能暗示重要的主题或超越明显的深层含义。比如说。比如说。

• Is there a particular semantic field used by the writer? (For example words linked to the military or hospitals.)

• 作者有一个特殊的语义领域吗？(例如，与军队或医院有关的单词。)

• Does the writer repeat any ideas or images? (These could act as a motif in the text.)

• 作者是否重复任何想法或图像？(这些可以作为文本的主题。）

• Does the writer favour a particular type of word? (For example using lots of abstract nouns like dream, love, peace, friendship.)

• 作者喜欢某种类型的词吗？例如，使用大量的抽象术语，如梦想、爱、和平、友谊。

• Can words or phrases from different parts of the text be linked in some way?

• 文本中不同部分的单词或短语能以某种方式联系起来吗？

Literary techniques

Writers might include literary techniques to add depth and colour to their writing.

文学技巧

作家可能包括文学技能，增加写作的深度和色彩。

Here are some literary techniques a writer might choose to use in a text:

以下是作家可能选择在文本中使用的一些文学技能。

When you identify a literary technique or other language devices in a text, think about how they might be linked to a theme, setting or character.

当你在文本中发现文学技巧或其他写作技巧时，请考虑它们如何与主题、环境或人物联系。

Example

In this opening from Margaret Atwood’s novel Alias Grace, the main character Grace describes a dream-like vision.

What is the effect of the language choices in this extract?

例子

在玛格丽特·阿特伍德小说《别名格蕾丝》的开头，主人公格蕾丝描述了一个梦幻般的场景。

例子

在玛格丽特·阿特伍德小说《别名格蕾丝》的开头，主人公格蕾丝描述了一个梦幻般的场景。

摘录中选择的语言有什么作用？

Out of the gravel there are peonies growing. They come up through the loose grey pebbles, their buds testing the air like snails’ eyes, then swelling and opening, huge dark-red flowers all shining and glossy like satin. Then they burst and fall to the ground.In the one instant before they come apart they are like the peonies in the front garden at Mr. Kinnear’s, that first day, only those were white. Nancy is cutting them. She wore a pale dress with pink rosebuds and a triple-flounced skirt, and a straw bonnet that hid her face. She carried a flat basket, to put the flower in; she bent from the hips like a lady, holding her waist straight. When she heard us and turned to look, she put her hand up to her throat as if startled.

• Analysis notes

分析

• The frequent use of ‘ing’ verbs in the opening paragraph gives the flowers a sinister energy and movement: “…growing…testing…swelling…opening…shining…”.

• 经常开始使用 "ing "动词，给花朵带来阴险的能量和运动。"…成长…测试…膨胀…开放…闪耀…"。

• The writer’s choice of language to describe the flowers gives the setting a dream-like appearance.

• 作者选择了描述花朵的语言，使环境呈现出梦幻般的色彩。

• The strange simile …testing the air like snails’ eyes…” adds to the dream-like feel.

• 奇怪的比喻"…像蜗牛的眼睛一样测试空气… &#34；增添梦幻般的感觉。

• The motif of the peonies seems particularly important and the writer gives them a symbolic significance. For example, the peonies at the start are "dark-red", but in the next paragraph "…those were white."

• 牡丹的主题似乎特学科教学考研别重要，作者赋予了它们象征意义。例如，牡丹的开始是 &#34；深红色&#34；"…那些是白色的"。

• The white peonies, perhaps symbolising innocence, are linked to the character of Nancy. This i
  mage of innocence is reinforced by the "pale dress with pink rosebuds."

• 白牡丹，也许象征着纯真，与南希的性格有关。通过这种纯真的形象 &#34；带粉色玫瑰花蕾的浅色衣服 &#34；得到加强。

• The character of Nancy has her clothes described in detail: “..triple-flounced skirt, and a straw bonnet…” This links to the simile “…like a lady…” and suggests that the character of Nancy is elegant and well-dressed.

• 南希的衣服有详细的描述。"…三褶裙，草帽…" 这与"…像一位女士… &#34；隐喻联系在一起，说明南希的性格优雅得体。

• The flowers are linked to the feminine here, but there is also a sinister mood linked to the red peonies. This sinister mood is reinforced by the phrase “…as if 学科类 startled.”

• 这里的花与女性有关，但也有一种与红牡丹相关的阴险氛围。通过这种险恶的气氛"…好像吓了一跳 &#34；这句话得到了加强。

The calm image of a woman cutting flowers in contrasted with the disturbing image of the red peonies. The effect may unsettle the reader.

女性剪花的平静形象与红牡丹的不安形象形成对比。这种效果可能会让读者感到不安。

Structure of fiction texts

小说文本的结构

• Structure can refer to the order of words and ideas within:

• 结构可以指词语和思想的顺序。

• a sentence

• a paragraph

• an extract

• a whole text

• 一句话

• 一个段落

一段摘录

整篇文章

Think about the effect the structure creates; remember to focus on how the reader responds to the structure of the text. Consider how the writer is using structure to manipulate 高校学科排名 the reader’s response.

思考结构的影响；记住要注意读者对文本结构的反应。考虑作者如何利用结构操纵读者的反应。考虑作者如何利用结构操纵读者的反应。
• Questions to consider:

• Where does this extract fit into the longer text – is it an opening or ending?

• Why are the paragraphs ordered in the way they are?

• How does the focus of each paragraph change?

• Is it important for the reader to know certain bits of information before they get to the next part of the text?

• Are there any links between the beginning and the end of the text?

• Are there any repeated images?

Is there a significant change in an attitude, character or setting?

• Is there a change of perspective?

• 需要考虑的问题。

• 摘录在文章的开头或结尾是什么？

• 为什么这些段落是这样排列的？

• 每一段的重点是如何变化的？

• 在进入文本的下一部分之前，了解一些信息对读者来说很重要吗？

• 文本的开头和结尾有什么联系吗？

• 有重复的图像吗？

态度、人物或环境有重大变化吗？

• 视角有变化吗？

• Some structural devices within prose fiction

• Repetition – of words, phrases or whole sentences.

• Connectives – eg meanwhile, finally, although. These could be used to shift the reader’s focus.

• Sentence types – eg multi-clause or single clause. For example, a multi-clause sentence could be used to build up layers of description to create a vivid setting.

• Sentence length – eg short to show tension.

• Paragraph length – eg single line paragraphs to focus the reader.

• Change of tense – eg from present to past.

• Narrative structure

• Fictional narratives may also follow an overall structure, which may fit broadly into typical stages.

• Exposition – the setting of the scene for the reader, this could be a description of setting or the backstory of a character.

Crisis point or climax – an exciting or tense part of the text.

• Resolution – the conclusion of the narrative, where conflicts are resolved or meaning is revealed.

• 散文小说中的一些结构手段

• 重复单词、短语或整个句子。

• 连接词-例如，同时，最后，尽管。

• 连接词-例如，同时，最后，尽管。这些可以用来转移读者的注意力。

• 句型-如多句或单句。例如，一个多句子的句子可以用来建立描述层次，创造一个生动的环境。

• 句子长度-如短句，以显示紧张。

• 段落长度-如单行段落，使读者集中注意力。

• 从现在到过去，时态的变化。

• 叙事结构

• 小说叙事也可以遵循一个整体结构，大致可以分为几个典型阶段。

讨论-为读者设置场景，这可能是对环境的描述或人物的背景故事。

危机点或高潮-文本中令人兴奋或紧张的部分。

解决或揭示冲突的结论。

In a short extract, only one or two of these of these stages might be evident. For example, if the extract is from the opening of a short story there may only be an exposition stage.

在一个简短的摘录中，这些阶段可能只有一两个是明显的。例如，如果摘录是短篇小说的开头，可能只有一个讨论阶段。

These stages are not always in this order; a writer may choose to begin with a climax or crisis point.

这些阶段并不总是按照这个顺序进行的；作家可能会选择从高潮或危机开始。

Example例子

This extract is taken from the end of a short story called The Tell Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe. In this section the narrator is convinced he can hear the beating heart of his murdered victim under the floor boards.本节选自埃德加-爱伦-坡的短篇小说《故事的心》。叙述者确信他能听到受害者在地板下跳动的心脏。叙述者确信他能听到受害者在地板下跳动的心脏。

How has the writer structured this text to increase the sense of tension?

作者是如何安排这段话来增加紧张感的？

No doubt I now grew very pale; but I talked more fluently, and with a heightened voice. Yet the sound increased — and what could I do? It was a low, dull, quick sound — much such a sound as a watch makes when envelop
ed in cotton. I gasped for breath — and yet the officers heard it not. I talked more quickly — more vehemently; but the noise steadily increased. I arose and argued about trifles, in a high key and with violent gesticulations; but the noise steadily increased. Why would they not be gone? I paced the floor to and fro with heavy strides, as if excited to fury by the observations of the men — but the noise steadily increased. Oh God! what could I do? what could I do? I foamed — I raved — I swore! I swung the chair upon which I had been sitting, and grated it upon the boards, but the noise arose over all and continually increased. It grew louder — louder — louder! And still the men chatted pleasantly, and smiled. Was it possible they heard not? And still the men chatted pleasantly, and smiled. Was it possible they heard not? Almighty God! — no, no! They heard! — they suspected! — they knew! — they were making a mockery of my horror! — this I thought, and this I think. But anything was better than this agony! Anything was more tolerable than this derision! I could bear those hypocritical smiles no longer! I felt that I must scream or die! and now — again! — hark! louder! louder! louder! louder!

"Villains!" I shrieked, "dissemble no more! I admit the deed! — tear up the planks! here, here! — It is the beating of his hideous heart!"

The Tell Tale Heart, Edgar Allan Poe

Analysis

• 分析

The structure of the text allows the reader to share the narrator’s increased agitation.

• 这篇文章的结构使读者能够分享叙述者越来越兴奋的情绪。

In the first long paragraph the writer builds the tension, as the narrator’s emotions become more extreme.

• 作者在第一长段营造了紧张气氛，因为叙述者的情绪变得更加极端。

The whole first paragraph has the structure of a fragmented thought process to show the narrator’s disturbed mind. The multi-clause sentences further enhance the impression of this frantic mind. The frequent use of dashes also adds to the feeling of broken and jumping thoughts, “I gasped for breath — and yet the officers heard it not. I talked more quickly — more vehemently…”

• 整个第一段的结构是一个态，整个第一段的结构是一个零散的思维过程。多句句子进一步加强了这种疯狂思维的印象。多句句子进一步增强了这种疯狂思维的印象。频繁使用破折号也增加了思想破碎和跳跃的感觉，&#34；我喘着粗气，但警官们没有听到。我说得更快-更激烈…"

The calm, simple sentence “And still the men chatted pleasantly and smiled…” shows the reader that this frantic energy is confined to the mind of the narrator.

• 句子平静简单 &#34；而那些人还在愉快地聊天，微笑着… &#34；向读者展示，这种疯狂的能量仅限于叙述者的头脑。

This is linked to later in the paragraph the narrator mentions their “…hypocritical smiles…”, further emphasising the paranoia of the character.

• 这是叙述者在本段后面提到的"…虚伪的微笑… &#34；联系，进一步强调这个角色的偏执狂。

The repetition of the personal pronouns ‘I’ and ‘they’ at the start of sentences shows the narrator’s focus and intensity.

• 人称代词 "我 "和 "他们 &#34；句子开头的重复显示了叙述者的专注和紧张。

The writer uses punctuation to structure the narrator’s changing emotional state, at first question marks are used frequently, “What could I do?” is repeated to show his desperation.

• 作者用标点符号组织叙述者不断变化的情绪状态，一开始经常使用问号，&#34；我能做什么？” is repeated to show his desperation.

• 作者用标点符号组织叙述者不断变化的情绪状态，一开始经常使用问号，&#34；我能做什么？&#34；重复使用以显示他的绝望。

• The abundance of exclamation marks later in the paragraph show his extreme emotion, as he loses the little control he had – “no, no! They heard! — they suspected! –they knew! –they were making a mockery of my horror!”

• 这一段后面大量的感叹号显示了他的极端情绪，因为他失去了一点控制力–&#34；不，不！他们听到了！"。他们听到了！ –他们怀疑! –他们知道! –他们在嘲笑我的恐怖！"

• The dramatic repetition of “…louder! louder! louder! louder!..” gives a manic impression of the narrative voice and increases the tension for the reader.

• 戏剧性重复"…大声点！大声点！大声点！… &#34；给人一种狂躁的叙述声音的印象，增加了读者的紧张感。

• The resolution in the text is reached in the final paragraph, when the narrator manically confesses his crime, “I admit the deed!”

• 当叙述者狂躁地承认自己的罪行时，文章中的决议是在最后一段达成的，&#34；我承认这种行为！"

The use of dialogue here breaks the tension of the narrator’s thoughts and leads to a final climax of emotion.

这里使用的对话打破了叙述者思想的紧张，并导致最后的情感高潮。The alliterative “…hideous heart.” makes a gruesome, dramatic final impression on the reader.头韵"…狰狞的心。&#34；给读者留下可怕戏剧性的最后印象。&#34；给读者留下可怕戏剧性的最后印象。